what you'll be expected to know(theory) :
- wounds 
 - types of bleeding 
 - types of burns 
 - fracture
 - dislocation 
 - degree of burn
 - shock
 - heat exhaustion
 - heatstroke
 - stings
 
what you'll be expected to know(practical) :
- arm sling
 - elevation sling
 - choking
 - recovery position
 - head to toe survey (maybe)
 
Theory
wounds:
- contusion (bruise)
 
- due to a blunt object
 - eg boxing
 - capillaries bleeding
 - skin may split
 
    2.  incised wound
- due to a sharp object
 - eg pen knife
 - a clean and straight cut 
 - vessels may be cut- profuse bleeding
 
    3.  laceration
- tear in skin 
 - eg barbed wire, claws, barbed machinery
 - edges irregular
 - tissues more damaged and bruising than incise wound
 
    4.  puncture wound
- wound has a clean cut but rugged opening at the back
 - eg gunshot
 
    5.  abrasion( graze)
- due to sliding fall/ friction burn
 - superficial wound , top of skin scraped off
 
 Quiz for this: 
 If a gangster was punched on his stomach, what wound is he likely to have?
ans: contusion
 If a maniac accidentally stabbed himself, what wound is he likely to have?
ans: puncture wound
 
Next lesson: Types of Bleeding
- arterial bleeding
 - venous bleeding
 - capillary bleeding
 
Arterial bleeding:
- blood is rapid and profuse
 - bright red blood
 - spurts out
 
Venous bleeding:
- blood flows at a steady rate
 - dark red blood
 - gushes profusely
 
Capillary bleeding:
- slow ooze
 - slight blood loss
 - usually a bruise is bleeding is into tissues
 
Quiz for this:
 What should you do to reduce the bleeding process?
ans: apply direct pressure
Next lesson: Types of burns 
- dry burn
 - scald 
 - electrical burn
 - cold injury
 
Dry burn:
- eg carpet burn
 - usually due to friction
 
Scald:
- eg due to hot vapour/ liquid
 
Cold injury:
- eg frostbite/ dry ice/ liquid nitrogen
 
Electrical burn:
- due to high/ low voltages
 - low: domestic cable appliances 
 - eg charger for phones
 - high: cable for homes
 - eg tv cable (maybe)
 
Degree of Burn:
- 1 degree (superficial burn)
 - 2 degree (partial thickness burn)
 - 3 degree (full- thickness burn)
 
Quiz for this:
How should you help a person whose hand is still stuck in the electrical switch and is still being electricuted?
ans: try pulling him away with a non-metallic material/  dry material
Should you use a toothpaste to relieve the pain of the burn?
Ans: No, this may worsen the burn as toothpaste is sticky
Next lesson (fracture):
Defination of fracture:
It is a partial/complete crack or break in a bone
To recognise it:
pain/ swell/ disformity
*To help casualty who has a fracture, perform arm sling + immobilisation
1. open fracture
 a break of bone but skin is still intact. No sign of bone protruding out of skin
2. closed fracture
a break of bone and skin is 'cutted'. Bone is protruding out of skin.
3. Dislocation
its when a bone and joint (eg collar bone) has lost its original position
Quiz for this: 
what should you never do to a casualty with dislocation?
ans: you should never try relocating the bone back
Next lesson (shock):
-  may be defined as failure of circulatory system to perfuse tissues of a body
 - may be due to: blood loss/ vessel dilate/ decrease in cardiac output
 - can lead to death  if untreated
 - to recognise: restlessness, extreme thirst, rapid shallow breathing, rapid weak pulse, clammy skin
 
Quiz for this:
What is the cause of shock?
-  fluid volume loss only
 - blood vessel dilation only
 - decreased cardiac output only
 - all of the above
 
ans: 4
Next lesson (heat exhaustion):
- severe tiredness due to loss of body fluid through excessive sweating from strenuous activity
 
symptoms: 
- heavy sweating
 - cramps in arms,  legs
 - headache
 - clammy, pale skin
 - rapid pulse + breathing
 - nausea/ vomitting
 
how? what should i do? :
- help casualty to cool place
 - lay him down + raise legs 
 - give him water to drink
 - monitor breathing + pulse
 
Next lesson (heat stroke):
- occurs when the body becomes unable to control its temperature (above 40 degrees celcius)
 - maybe due to high fever/ long heat exposure
 
how to recognise?
- headache
 - restlessness
 - hot flushed/ dry skin
 - rapid strong pulse
 - body temperature >4o degrees
 
what to do?
- move casualty to cool place
 - remove as much outer clothing as possible
 - cool casualty by wrapping him with a wet sheet and keep it wet till body turns to 38 degrees
 - if no sheet available, use a fan 
 - after body temperature turns to 38, change towel with a dry one
 
Last lesson (stings):
- insect stings
 - stings by marine creatures
 - animal stings
 
1 insect stings:
- extract the stings with forceps if possible
 - apply cold compress to relieve pain
 - advise casualty to see a doctor if pain and swelling persists
 
2. marine creatures:
- pour vinegar/ sea water to stop stinging cells from releasing venom
 - dust dry powder over affected area. so that stinging cells can stick together
 - brush off powder with a clean pad
 - monitor casualty for breathing
 
3. animal bites
- wash wound with soap + water
 - pat wound dry with gauze
 - do dressing
 - seek medical attention
 
Quiz for this:
 Should you use a fluffy/ non-fluffy pad to brush off the powder?
ans: non- fluffy. as the fluff of the fluffy pad may stick onto the skin and worsen the injury.
In addition: 
Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (aka CPR)
*This post is done based on what i can mostly remember. Hence if you've taken down notes during lesson, thats a good thing. 
* Jiayous for tomorrow exam ^^