NO AGI rehearsal on 29 August 2010 Sunday

Dear Nominated cadets,

Please note that the AGI Rehearsal on 29 August 2010 Sunday has been CANCELLED.

Have a good rest.

Yours sincerely,
Chow MY

BFA or AFA CPR re-exam in Deyi Sec- 3 Sep 2010

Dear All,

Glad to see that you put in your best effort in today's BFA/AFA exam

Good job!

However, for those who did not pass CPR or did not have enough time to take CPR.

We have arranged for the officer to visit our school on 3 Sep during training to teach you CPR and conduct the exam again.

Try your best.

notes for BFA 2010

what you'll be expected to know(theory) :

• wounds
• types of bleeding
• types of burns
• fracture
• dislocation
• degree of burn
• shock
• heat exhaustion
• heatstroke
• stings

what you'll be expected to know(practical) :

• arm sling
• elevation sling
• choking
• recovery position
• head to toe survey (maybe)

Theory

wounds:

1. contusion (bruise)

• due to a blunt object
• eg boxing
• capillaries bleeding
• skin may split

2. incised wound

• due to a sharp object
• eg pen knife
• a clean and straight cut
• vessels may be cut- profuse bleeding

3. laceration

• tear in skin
• eg barbed wire, claws, barbed machinery
• edges irregular
• tissues more damaged and bruising than incise wound

4. puncture wound

• wound has a clean cut but rugged opening at the back
• eg gunshot

5. abrasion( graze)

• due to sliding fall/ friction burn
• superficial wound , top of skin scraped off

Quiz for this:

If a gangster was punched on his stomach, what wound is he likely to have?

ans: contusion

If a maniac accidentally stabbed himself, what wound is he likely to have?

ans: puncture wound

Next lesson: Types of Bleeding

1. arterial bleeding
2. venous bleeding
3. capillary bleeding

Arterial bleeding:

• blood is rapid and profuse
• bright red blood
• spurts out

Venous bleeding:

• blood flows at a steady rate
• dark red blood
• gushes profusely

Capillary bleeding:

• slow ooze
• slight blood loss
• usually a bruise is bleeding is into tissues

Quiz for this:

What should you do to reduce the bleeding process?

ans: apply direct pressure

Next lesson: Types of burns

1. dry burn
2. scald
3. electrical burn
4. cold injury

Dry burn:

• eg carpet burn
• usually due to friction

Scald:

• eg due to hot vapour/ liquid

Cold injury:

• eg frostbite/ dry ice/ liquid nitrogen

Electrical burn:

• due to high/ low voltages
• low: domestic cable appliances
• eg charger for phones
• high: cable for homes
• eg tv cable (maybe)

Degree of Burn:

1. 1 degree (superficial burn)
2. 2 degree (partial thickness burn)
3. 3 degree (full- thickness burn)

Quiz for this:

How should you help a person whose hand is still stuck in the electrical switch and is still being electricuted?

ans: try pulling him away with a non-metallic material/ dry material

Should you use a toothpaste to relieve the pain of the burn?

Ans: No, this may worsen the burn as toothpaste is sticky

Next lesson (fracture):

Defination of fracture:

It is a partial/complete crack or break in a bone

To recognise it:

pain/ swell/ disformity

*To help casualty who has a fracture, perform arm sling + immobilisation

1. open fracture

a break of bone but skin is still intact. No sign of bone protruding out of skin

2. closed fracture

a break of bone and skin is 'cutted'. Bone is protruding out of skin.

3. Dislocation

its when a bone and joint (eg collar bone) has lost its original position

Quiz for this:

what should you never do to a casualty with dislocation?

ans: you should never try relocating the bone back

Next lesson (shock):

• may be defined as failure of circulatory system to perfuse tissues of a body
• may be due to: blood loss/ vessel dilate/ decrease in cardiac output
• can lead to death if untreated
• to recognise: restlessness, extreme thirst, rapid shallow breathing, rapid weak pulse, clammy skin

Quiz for this:

What is the cause of shock?

1. fluid volume loss only
2. blood vessel dilation only
3. decreased cardiac output only
4. all of the above

ans: 4

Next lesson (heat exhaustion):

• severe tiredness due to loss of body fluid through excessive sweating from strenuous activity

symptoms:

• heavy sweating
• cramps in arms, legs
• headache
• clammy, pale skin
• rapid pulse + breathing
• nausea/ vomitting

how? what should i do? :

1. help casualty to cool place
2. lay him down + raise legs
3. give him water to drink
4. monitor breathing + pulse

Next lesson (heat stroke):

• occurs when the body becomes unable to control its temperature (above 40 degrees celcius)
• maybe due to high fever/ long heat exposure

how to recognise?

• headache
• restlessness
• hot flushed/ dry skin
• rapid strong pulse
• body temperature >4o degrees

what to do?

1. move casualty to cool place
2. remove as much outer clothing as possible
3. cool casualty by wrapping him with a wet sheet and keep it wet till body turns to 38 degrees
4. if no sheet available, use a fan
5. after body temperature turns to 38, change towel with a dry one

Last lesson (stings):

1. insect stings
2. stings by marine creatures
3. animal stings

1 insect stings:

• extract the stings with forceps if possible
• apply cold compress to relieve pain
• advise casualty to see a doctor if pain and swelling persists

2. marine creatures:

• pour vinegar/ sea water to stop stinging cells from releasing venom
• dust dry powder over affected area. so that stinging cells can stick together
• brush off powder with a clean pad
• monitor casualty for breathing

3. animal bites

• wash wound with soap + water
• pat wound dry with gauze
• do dressing
• seek medical attention

Quiz for this:

Should you use a fluffy/ non-fluffy pad to brush off the powder?

ans: non- fluffy. as the fluff of the fluffy pad may stick onto the skin and worsen the injury.

In addition:

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (aka CPR)

*This post is done based on what i can mostly remember. Hence if you've taken down notes during lesson, thats a good thing.

* Jiayous for tomorrow exam ^^

18August 2010
First aid lesson~

Attire: School uniform.
Bring all your first aid notes.
Report at 3.30pm :)